Norovirus

NOROVIRUS

• In December 2024, A significant surge in norovirus outbreaks was observed across parts of the United States this winter, with an uptick in cases reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
• As the winter months started, the number of norovirus cases has surged, notably since early December, prompting concerns about the spread of this highly contagious stomach virus.

RECENT SURGE

• According to the CDC, there was a notable increase in norovirus outbreaks reported during the week of December 5, 2024.
• The number of outbreaks surged to 91, up from 69 outbreaks the week before, marking a 25% increase.
• Historically, the first week of December has seen fewer than 65 outbreaks, making this rise particularly concerning.
• This increase in cases signals that the virus is spreading across the country, especially as outbreaks are common during the winter months, typically peaking between November and April.
• Outbreak Statistics: On average, the S. sees about 2,500 norovirus outbreaks annually.
• These outbreaks are most common in congregate settings such as cruise ships, nursing homes, schools, and correctional facilities, where individuals are in close proximity to one another.

SYMPTOMS OF NOROVIRUS

Norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the U.S., accounting for approximately 58% of food-related infections each year, according to CDC data. It is highly contagious, and even a small number of viral particles—sometimes as few as 10—are enough to cause illness.

Symptoms of Norovirus:

The symptoms of norovirus typically manifest within 12 to 48 hours after exposure to the virus and include:

• Sudden onset of vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Stomach pain and cramping
• Body aches
• Headache
• Fever

In most cases, the illness lasts for 1 to 3 days, and people typically recover without requiring medical intervention. However, the virus can still lead to serious health complications such as dehydration, especially in vulnerable populations.

TRANSMISSION

Norovirus is known for its highly contagious nature. The virus spreads through several methods:

• Person-to-person contact: The virus spreads easily when infected individuals come into close contact with others, such as through shared food, utensils, or close interactions.
• Contaminated surfaces and objects: Norovirus can survive on surfaces for days, making it easy to spread through touching contaminated objects like doorknobs, countertops, and handrails.
• Contaminated food or water: The virus can be transmitted through food and water that has been contaminated by infected individuals.

Outbreaks are particularly common in closed environments like cruise ships, schools, nursing homes, and correctional facilities, where people are in close quarters and the virus can spread rapidly.

WHO IS AT RISK?

While norovirus can affect anyone, certain groups are more vulnerable to severe illness, particularly those who are prone to dehydration:

• Older adults (aged 65 and above) are more likely to experience severe dehydration and complications.
• Young children and infants are at higher risk for dehydration due to their smaller body size and greater fluid turnover.
• Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing cancer treatment or with chronic illnesses, are also at higher risk for complications.

The most significant health concern for those infected with norovirus is dehydration caused by vomiting and diarrhea, which can lead to serious health issues if left untreated.

HOW TO MANAGE SICKNESS?

There is no specific antiviral treatment for norovirus, so managing the symptoms involves focusing on rehydration to prevent dehydration. The CDC recommends the following:

• Hydration:
  • Drink fluids like water, oral rehydration solutions (ORS), and clear broths to replenish lost fluids.
  • Avoid drinks like coffee, tea, and alcohol, which can worsen dehydration.
• Seek medical attention if symptoms of severe dehydration These symptoms include:
  • Decreased urination
  • Dry mouth and throat
  • Dizziness or lightheadedness
  • Fatigue or weakness
  • For children: unusual sleepiness, fussiness, or crying with little or no tears.

If these symptoms are severe, it’s important to seek medical care immediately, as dehydration can be life-threatening, especially for children and elderly individuals.

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